Living and Dying by the Sword (or) The Autonomy and Responsibility of P

Living and Dying by the Sword (or) The Autonomy and Responsibility of Paranoia Introduction The question is a common one. "Does an individual have the right to yell, ‘Fire!’ in a crowded theater?" The implications are not as simple. If one answers, "no," then one is, in effect saying that the constitutional right to free speech is not entirely correct. If one answers, "yes," then one is saying that is perfectly O.K. to an individual to be delegated the power to create mass hysteria. However, there is another side to this question. If an individual is permitted to yell fire, as perhaps one would be in a Lockian state of nature, one is as likely to be trampled in the ensuing hysteria as everyone else is. This situation, while quaint and hypothetical, does have its counterparts in history. The question of how much power ought an individual be allowed has been one that has been addressed by governments throughout the ages. The result of this power being abused has also been addressed throughout history, but not by governments, by the fates of those individuals who have abused that power. One result of power being abused is the creation of a kind of hysteria in a society that revolves around that individual who has created it. That hysteria also has the potential to turn on its progenitor and crush him in the ensuing stampede. Historically, this is the case of Maximilien Robespierre and Joseph McCarthy. Both men, in their own rights, created a sort of social hysteria, a hysteria that for each resulted in a social stampede. These stampedes ended up crushing these men who created them in the chaos and confusion that ensued. The question of these two men faced ... ...s, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy 6. Buckley, et al., McCarthy and His Enemies 7. Eagan, Maximilien Robespierre: Nationalist Dictator 8. Buckley, et al., McCarthy and His Enemies 9. Feuerlicht, Joe McCarthy and McCarthyism, The Hate That Haunts America Bibliography - Belloc, Hilaire. Robespierre, A Study. G.P. Putnam and Sons. New York. 1927. - Buckley, William F. and Bozell, L. Brent. McCarthy and His Enemies: The Record and its Meaning. Henry Regnery Company. Chicago. 1954. - Eagan, James Michael. Maximilien Robespierre, Nationalist Dictator. AMS Press. New York. 1983. - Feuerlicht, Roberta Strauss. McCarthy and McCarthism, The Hate that Haunts America. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. 1972. - Reeves, Thomas C. The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy. Stein and Day Publishers. New York. 1982.

My Lai :: essays research papers

The My Lai Massacre: And It's Psychological Effects The objective of the American military mission in March of 1968 was clear, search and destroy My Lai. Throughout human history, millions of people have been exterminated at the hands of their fellow man. It would be great to imagine that the perpetrators behind these crimes are crazy, sadistic, and terrible people, but to the contrary these people are usually normal men and women. The question we must then ask ourselves is, how can we, as a race, commit such vulgar crimes against our own kind? The story of the My Lai incident portrays the insanity and the psychological effects that a given situation had on once normal men. It wasn't clear what to do with any civilians who might be encountered at My Lai, on March 16, 1968. On this day Captain Ernest Medina ordered Charlie Company, a unit of the US Eleventh Light Infantry Brigade, into combat. After Medina's orders 150 men led by Lt. William Calley raided the village and four hours later over 500 civilians were dead. These civilians consisted of elderly people, children, and women. Almost all of these people were unarmed, three weapons were confiscated in all. In addition, no enemy soldiers were found in the village. Only one U.S. soldier was a casualty in the incident, as a result of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the foot. The scenes from this tragic event were unimaginable. Limbs were amputated, men were crying, people not fully dead were scattered all over, two little girls were shot in the face and Calley was screaming "kill nam, kill nam...". What could actually make men behave this way? What kind of mentality were these men in? Not only did these men murder women and children and babies, but it was also thought that some were looking for women to rape. We can first look at the interesting and sometimes appalling consequences of obedience. The men making up Charlie Company performed the vile acts they did as a result of their duties and obligations to the military. There are several identifiable explanations as to why individuals are more often than not inclined to obey authority. First, when acts are authorized it normally relieves the perpetrator from feeling guilty for his offensive actions. By shoving the responsibility away and placing it on the authorizer of the command, a person does not feel as compelled to reject the command, and can therefor fulfill his or her orders.

Genghis Khan

Later on in his life, Genesis Khan decided that, whilst assembling his army, he realized that separating everyone by their rank made no sense, so he separated them thou acknowledgement of their lineage, thus abolishing the distinction between black bone and white bone (37-38 & 52-53); Genesis Khan learned how to travel long distances over long periods of time with little food or water.This benefited them tremendously by letting them cross vast terrain that the enemy wouldn't expect them to cross, creating a surprise attack (86-87); Genesis Khan, after several raids, realizes that the rush to loot the germs of the defeated served as an impediment to more complete victory. Rather than chasing down the warriors of the raided camps, attackers nearly allowed them to flee and focused instead on immediately looting their camps. He distributed the goods along the same lines by which the hunting men of the forest traditionally distributed a kill at the end of a group hunt.This policy not only ensured him the support of the poorest people in the tribe, but it also inspired loyalty among his soldiers, who knew that even if they died, he would take care of their surviving families (50) 6. Mongolia and the surrounding area provided pathways and uncrossed terrain that allowed Genesis Khan to sneak up on his enemies and strike effectively. Also, he loud spare a few people so they can run to other empires and spread fear and panic across the steppes. (3-5) 7. One of the reasons that Timeline killed his older half-brother, Better, is because of how he treated Timeline.He would always steal any fish Timeline caught or killed, and would never share his earnings with anyone. Because of this, Timeline killed him in order to proclaim his dominance, to keep his dignity, and (possibly) to keep the family from starving. (24-25) 8. Timeline had to fight Jan-Kuaka, who was his and and his blood brother. Although Timeline had far less soldiers than Kumar, he used many different effective tactics against him, such as the Tumbleweed Formation, where Mongol warriors advanced toward the enemy in divided groups silently.This caused Genesis Khan's units to strike fast from a single direction, and flee quickly, leaving the enemy wounded but unable to retaliate before the attackers disappeared. Also, Timeline send a guard on a horse so skinny with a saddle so primitive that the captors sent the horse and saddle from camp to camp in mockery to how pathetic the Mongols had become. In another trick, since he had far fewer soldiers than the Kumar, Timeline ordered each man o set 5 campfires every night on the hills where his army camped, in order to make them seem like a much larger army.The Mongols were gaining the advantage, but Timeline did not race to victory. The night before the decisive battle, he told his men to sleep soundly. This is due to the fear inside the Anima, who began to flee in the night. However, Genesis knew that their only escape route was down the steep b ackside of a mountain, and, unable to see, the fleeing men and their horses fell into the gorge. The next morning, Genesis Khan easily defeated the remaining threats, causing Kumar to disappear into the forest. Timeline executed Kumar;s betrayers on the principle that betrayal merits the harshest punishment.The Secret History states that Timeline offered renewal of their brotherhood, but Kumar insisted that just as there was room for only one sun in the sky, there was room only for one Mongol lord. He asked to be executed by dying a noble death without the spilling of blood. His request was granted by having his back broken by Tennis's soldiers. It is said that Timeline buried Kumar in the golden belt that he had given to Kumar when they formed their bond of brotherhood. (61-64) 9. The Mongols were effective in expanding their empire, and used any techniques to do so.These techniques were acquired by Genesis Khan's observations of his enemies' attempts to use one or more techniques to attack the Mongols. After he conquered empire after empire, he would spare one or more people that helped create/develop the machinery/ maneuvers/techniques and would use them against other empires, keeping one or more of the engineers with him during invasions for quick assembling for a swift encounter. Genesis also snuck up on other enemies that, out of pure fear and loyalty, they agreed to side with Genesis and bring more goods to the people of Mongolia, thus benefiting the ranking of Mongols.This instilled fear into Genesis Khan's enemies, and spread word of his terror across the steppes. This increased his dominance and his reign, and whenever people fled to other places to warn them of the unstoppable army of Genesis Khan, it only fueled his hunger for victory with the fear of every empire that would soon be conquered, stolen, and destroyed by the tenacious hands of Genesis Khan. (81-84) 10. Mongol conquests resulted in some of the most destructive wars in human history.In Iran, the Mongol invasion resulted in extermination, disease, and destruction of irrigation yester resulting in mass emigration, famine, and drastic population decline. The Mongols differed drastically from their opponents in the sense of warfare. The Mongols used a variety of attacks, techniques and maneuvers to successfully attack their enemies. The Mongols were viewed as ruthless, brutal and bloodthirsty. In a way, they are ruthless, but their tactics for fighting were far more successful than their â€Å"civilized† opponents, which gave them an enormous advantage, and thus making domination imminent.The spread of word about the Mongols helped others know about the coming of he Mongol army, and would even make many people flee towards them in submission. (144-147) 1 . The Mongols' encounters with religion had a large effect on their lives. Religious tolerance was evident in their society, so there were many people of different religions. Christianity was viewed as a praise d, popular religion by some, but also as a group of hatred by others, due to the killing of Jews by Christians. The Mongols had a system of religious freedom; they required that the needs of the empire be served before there own, however.Christianity was spread effectively around multiple areas, but the Mongols, for the most art, kept their religion and beliefs alive, not letting anything else alter that. (219 and pages from Chi. 9-10) 2. In the book, the Christian Crusaders, when they took cities such as Antioch in 1 098 and Jerusalem in 1 099, slaughtered the Jews and Muslims without regard for age or gender, but merely because of their religion. (116) 3. Genesis Khan used brute force to conquer his enemies. He would destroy empires and steal riches afterwards. Chablis Khan, however, was no Genesis Khan.Chablis, even without the military skills of his grandfather, had clearly outsmarted everyone in his family. He possessed a keen strategic talent and he ability to have, and implem ent, good ideas; he applied these skills to the management of his territory, and its expansion toward the south. In the end, he proved able to achieve though public politics what his grandfather had not been able to achieve through brute force: the conquest and unification of all Chine, the most populous country on earth. (195) 4. Traditionally, merchants were accorded a relatively low social status in China.The Mongols, however, had a more favorable attitude toward merchants and commerce -? their nomadic way of life, which is much reliant on trade with sedentary peoples, ad caused them to recognize the importance of trade from the very earliest times. Thus, the Mongols worked to improve the social status of merchants and traders throughout their domains. The Mongols always favored trade. Their nomadic way of life caused them to recognize the importance of trade from the very earliest times and, unlike the Chinese, they had a positive attitude toward merchants and commerce.Support f or trade characterized not only Mongol policy in China but their policy throughout their domains. The Mongols even tried to introduce paper money -? though this would come merely a failed experiment. Nonetheless, the attempt indicates the desire of the Mongols to provide additional assistance to traders. (250) 5. In the Mongolia Empire, there were common principles/innovations that they created during their rule. Some of these included paper money, international law, diplomatic immunity, primacy of the state over the church, and freedom of religion.These innovations have all led to our advantages in today's contemporary lifestyle: Paper money is used all around the world, making it one of the most common forms of currency used worldwide; international away is used to keep order and peace for everyone; diplomatic immunity is used where there are rulers/leaders, making them ‘immune' to lawsuit/ prosecution under that host country's laws; freedom of religion, which is greatly use d today, helps prevent religious prosecution in our society, and lets people freely practice and be proud of their beliefs. (236) 6.As the people infected with the bubonic plague died, they infected those around them by violent coughing, sneezing and gasping. When the plague broke out in Mongolia and China, the Mongols brought the disease north with them. The disease was carried by fleas, but, even though they don't normally come in contact with humans, they traveled in the food crates of the Mongols. Also, China functioned as the manufacturing center of the Mongol World System, and as the goods poured out of China, the disease followed, seemingly spreading in all directions at once.By 1338 the plague crossed from China over the Titan Shaman Mountains. The same Mongol roads and caravans that knitted together the Eurasian world of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries moved more than mere silk and spices. The roads set up by the Mongols for merchants also served as the accidental t ransfer point for the fleas and, thereby, for the disease itself. With all the luxurious fabrics and more, the caravans brought the fleas that spread the plague from one camp to another, one village to another, one city to another, and one continent to another.In the sixty years from 1340 until 1400, the population of Asia declined from 238 million to 201 million inhabitants, and Europe from 75 million to 52 million. (242-245) 7. Gender the widespread influences from the paper and printing, gunpowder and firearms, and the spread of the navigational compass and other maritime equipment, Europeans experienced a Renaissance, literally a rebirth, but it was not the ancient world of Greece and Rome being reborn: It was the Mongol Empire, picked up, transferred, and adapted by the Europeans to their own needs and culture.The paintings shared a common source in the work of Ghetto did Bonded and his disciples. Although the frescoes of the church depicted events from the life of Christ, more than a thousand years before the Mongol Empire, only shortly before Mongol contact, the artists depicted many of their subjects as Mongols or used Mongol dress and cloth for them. The artists placed Mongols in a variety of Christian paintings with their distinctive clothing, headgear, and bows. Genghis Khan Later on in his life, Genesis Khan decided that, whilst assembling his army, he realized that separating everyone by their rank made no sense, so he separated them thou acknowledgement of their lineage, thus abolishing the distinction between black bone and white bone (37-38 & 52-53); Genesis Khan learned how to travel long distances over long periods of time with little food or water.This benefited them tremendously by letting them cross vast terrain that the enemy wouldn't expect them to cross, creating a surprise attack (86-87); Genesis Khan, after several raids, realizes that the rush to loot the germs of the defeated served as an impediment to more complete victory. Rather than chasing down the warriors of the raided camps, attackers nearly allowed them to flee and focused instead on immediately looting their camps. He distributed the goods along the same lines by which the hunting men of the forest traditionally distributed a kill at the end of a group hunt.This policy not only ensured him the support of the poorest people in the tribe, but it also inspired loyalty among his soldiers, who knew that even if they died, he would take care of their surviving families (50) 6. Mongolia and the surrounding area provided pathways and uncrossed terrain that allowed Genesis Khan to sneak up on his enemies and strike effectively. Also, he loud spare a few people so they can run to other empires and spread fear and panic across the steppes. (3-5) 7. One of the reasons that Timeline killed his older half-brother, Better, is because of how he treated Timeline.He would always steal any fish Timeline caught or killed, and would never share his earnings with anyone. Because of this, Timeline killed him in order to proclaim his dominance, to keep his dignity, and (possibly) to keep the family from starving. (24-25) 8. Timeline had to fight Jan-Kuaka, who was his and and his blood brother. Although Timeline had far less soldiers than Kumar, he used many different effective tactics against him, such as the Tumbleweed Formation, where Mongol warriors advanced toward the enemy in divided groups silently.This caused Genesis Khan's units to strike fast from a single direction, and flee quickly, leaving the enemy wounded but unable to retaliate before the attackers disappeared. Also, Timeline send a guard on a horse so skinny with a saddle so primitive that the captors sent the horse and saddle from camp to camp in mockery to how pathetic the Mongols had become. In another trick, since he had far fewer soldiers than the Kumar, Timeline ordered each man o set 5 campfires every night on the hills where his army camped, in order to make them seem like a much larger army.The Mongols were gaining the advantage, but Timeline did not race to victory. The night before the decisive battle, he told his men to sleep soundly. This is due to the fear inside the Anima, who began to flee in the night. However, Genesis knew that their only escape route was down the steep b ackside of a mountain, and, unable to see, the fleeing men and their horses fell into the gorge. The next morning, Genesis Khan easily defeated the remaining threats, causing Kumar to disappear into the forest. Timeline executed Kumar;s betrayers on the principle that betrayal merits the harshest punishment.The Secret History states that Timeline offered renewal of their brotherhood, but Kumar insisted that just as there was room for only one sun in the sky, there was room only for one Mongol lord. He asked to be executed by dying a noble death without the spilling of blood. His request was granted by having his back broken by Tennis's soldiers. It is said that Timeline buried Kumar in the golden belt that he had given to Kumar when they formed their bond of brotherhood. (61-64) 9. The Mongols were effective in expanding their empire, and used any techniques to do so.These techniques were acquired by Genesis Khan's observations of his enemies' attempts to use one or more techniques to attack the Mongols. After he conquered empire after empire, he would spare one or more people that helped create/develop the machinery/ maneuvers/techniques and would use them against other empires, keeping one or more of the engineers with him during invasions for quick assembling for a swift encounter. Genesis also snuck up on other enemies that, out of pure fear and loyalty, they agreed to side with Genesis and bring more goods to the people of Mongolia, thus benefiting the ranking of Mongols.This instilled fear into Genesis Khan's enemies, and spread word of his terror across the steppes. This increased his dominance and his reign, and whenever people fled to other places to warn them of the unstoppable army of Genesis Khan, it only fueled his hunger for victory with the fear of every empire that would soon be conquered, stolen, and destroyed by the tenacious hands of Genesis Khan. (81-84) 10. Mongol conquests resulted in some of the most destructive wars in human history.In Iran, the Mongol invasion resulted in extermination, disease, and destruction of irrigation yester resulting in mass emigration, famine, and drastic population decline. The Mongols differed drastically from their opponents in the sense of warfare. The Mongols used a variety of attacks, techniques and maneuvers to successfully attack their enemies. The Mongols were viewed as ruthless, brutal and bloodthirsty. In a way, they are ruthless, but their tactics for fighting were far more successful than their â€Å"civilized† opponents, which gave them an enormous advantage, and thus making domination imminent.The spread of word about the Mongols helped others know about the coming of he Mongol army, and would even make many people flee towards them in submission. (144-147) 1 . The Mongols' encounters with religion had a large effect on their lives. Religious tolerance was evident in their society, so there were many people of different religions. Christianity was viewed as a praise d, popular religion by some, but also as a group of hatred by others, due to the killing of Jews by Christians. The Mongols had a system of religious freedom; they required that the needs of the empire be served before there own, however.Christianity was spread effectively around multiple areas, but the Mongols, for the most art, kept their religion and beliefs alive, not letting anything else alter that. (219 and pages from Chi. 9-10) 2. In the book, the Christian Crusaders, when they took cities such as Antioch in 1 098 and Jerusalem in 1 099, slaughtered the Jews and Muslims without regard for age or gender, but merely because of their religion. (116) 3. Genesis Khan used brute force to conquer his enemies. He would destroy empires and steal riches afterwards. Chablis Khan, however, was no Genesis Khan.Chablis, even without the military skills of his grandfather, had clearly outsmarted everyone in his family. He possessed a keen strategic talent and he ability to have, and implem ent, good ideas; he applied these skills to the management of his territory, and its expansion toward the south. In the end, he proved able to achieve though public politics what his grandfather had not been able to achieve through brute force: the conquest and unification of all Chine, the most populous country on earth. (195) 4. Traditionally, merchants were accorded a relatively low social status in China.The Mongols, however, had a more favorable attitude toward merchants and commerce -? their nomadic way of life, which is much reliant on trade with sedentary peoples, ad caused them to recognize the importance of trade from the very earliest times. Thus, the Mongols worked to improve the social status of merchants and traders throughout their domains. The Mongols always favored trade. Their nomadic way of life caused them to recognize the importance of trade from the very earliest times and, unlike the Chinese, they had a positive attitude toward merchants and commerce.Support f or trade characterized not only Mongol policy in China but their policy throughout their domains. The Mongols even tried to introduce paper money -? though this would come merely a failed experiment. Nonetheless, the attempt indicates the desire of the Mongols to provide additional assistance to traders. (250) 5. In the Mongolia Empire, there were common principles/innovations that they created during their rule. Some of these included paper money, international law, diplomatic immunity, primacy of the state over the church, and freedom of religion.These innovations have all led to our advantages in today's contemporary lifestyle: Paper money is used all around the world, making it one of the most common forms of currency used worldwide; international away is used to keep order and peace for everyone; diplomatic immunity is used where there are rulers/leaders, making them ‘immune' to lawsuit/ prosecution under that host country's laws; freedom of religion, which is greatly use d today, helps prevent religious prosecution in our society, and lets people freely practice and be proud of their beliefs. (236) 6.As the people infected with the bubonic plague died, they infected those around them by violent coughing, sneezing and gasping. When the plague broke out in Mongolia and China, the Mongols brought the disease north with them. The disease was carried by fleas, but, even though they don't normally come in contact with humans, they traveled in the food crates of the Mongols. Also, China functioned as the manufacturing center of the Mongol World System, and as the goods poured out of China, the disease followed, seemingly spreading in all directions at once.By 1338 the plague crossed from China over the Titan Shaman Mountains. The same Mongol roads and caravans that knitted together the Eurasian world of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries moved more than mere silk and spices. The roads set up by the Mongols for merchants also served as the accidental t ransfer point for the fleas and, thereby, for the disease itself. With all the luxurious fabrics and more, the caravans brought the fleas that spread the plague from one camp to another, one village to another, one city to another, and one continent to another.In the sixty years from 1340 until 1400, the population of Asia declined from 238 million to 201 million inhabitants, and Europe from 75 million to 52 million. (242-245) 7. Gender the widespread influences from the paper and printing, gunpowder and firearms, and the spread of the navigational compass and other maritime equipment, Europeans experienced a Renaissance, literally a rebirth, but it was not the ancient world of Greece and Rome being reborn: It was the Mongol Empire, picked up, transferred, and adapted by the Europeans to their own needs and culture.The paintings shared a common source in the work of Ghetto did Bonded and his disciples. Although the frescoes of the church depicted events from the life of Christ, more than a thousand years before the Mongol Empire, only shortly before Mongol contact, the artists depicted many of their subjects as Mongols or used Mongol dress and cloth for them. The artists placed Mongols in a variety of Christian paintings with their distinctive clothing, headgear, and bows.

Trebuchet Lab

Objective: * To determine the how changing the throwing arm length and/or the counterweight mass affects the distance and direction that a can is thrown by a trebuchet. Trebuchet Test Results Our trebuchet had some technical and engineering damage and it did not worked properly. When we launched the sauce can, it moved in opposite direction (away from the target). In the other hand, when we tried it in previous moments it did worked. Design: Drawing of your trebuchet Questions and analysis: 1. Did your trebuchet worked correctly? If so, what was the maximum distance achieved?If not, why did it fail? It failed because the materials were damaged. The rope that attached one end of the throwing arm with the counterweight was damaged. This did not let the throwing arm to complete it cycle, to the can was launched before it was supposed to and the can moved backward. Also, the throwing arm was too loose and it moved from one side to the other side. 2. How might you measure the maximum heig ht your trebuchet could launch the can? You might you measure the maximum height your trebuchet could launch the can using a reference point.Watching which was the highest point that the can reached and measure the distance from it. 3. What simple machine is the throwing arm? The throwing arm is a lever and a lever a long stick that you push or pull against a fulcrum to move something. 4. What drawback and advantages does the trebuchet have in battle? Some drawbacks and advantages of the trebuchet in battle are that it helped to throw heavy things at enemies, have greater range capability and greater accuracy than the catapult, it launch object at a higher speed and its power is the counterweight. . How might you measure the maximum distance your trebuchet could launch? You might measure the maximum distance the trebuchet can launch the can by performing many trials, measuring and recording the different distances. The largest distance is the maximum distance your trebuchet could la unch a can. 6. What component makes the majority of a trebuchet? The component that makes the majority of the trebuchet is the frame because is supports the other components such as the throwing arm and the counter weight. . What is used to power the trebuchet? What is used to power the trebuchet is the counterweight because it is what pulls the throwing arm. 8. What is the object that is thrown called? The object that is thrown is the projectile. 9. Compare and contrast the trebuchet and the catapult. * A trebuchet is a catapult that uses a counterweight to supply the energy for throwing. * Catapults are any device that throws an object. * The trebuchet has greater range capability and greater accuracy than the catapult. Both are used to throw an object, a large distance. * The trebuchet launch an object at a higher speed than the catapult and its power is the counterweight. 10. How does the placement of a pivot point on the arm affect the mechanical advantage of the trebuchet? The higher you place the pivot point on the arm, the higher the object will go. The lower you place it the lower the object will go. 11. What should the mechanical advantage be for optimal throwing distance?The power into and out of the arm must be the same, so forces applied to points farther from the pivot must be less than when applied to points closer in. 12. What should the mass of the counterweight be for optimal throwing distance? The mass of the counterweight must be much greater than that mass of the object. 13. What should the length of the sling be for optimal throwing distance? Long slings have a smaller angle of release, short sling have a larger angle of release. 14. How is the throwing accuracy affected by the above mentioned factors? Mechanical advantage- The power into and out of the arm must be the same, so forces applied to points farther from the pivot must be less than when applied to points closer in. Otherwise, the object would not reach the target. * Mass of the counterweight- The mass have to be the correct one, a small mass would not power the trebuchet and an extremely large mass will change the direction of the can trajectory. * Length of the sling- Long slings has a smaller angle of release, so the can will reach a short distance.

Physical and Mental Abuse on Slaves Essay

The essay is about the how significant both physical and mental abuse was important for the slave owners described in the Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass who was born in 1895 might have been the most influential African-American of his time or possibly ever. He rose up from the hardships he had from his birth to become a internationally known writer and orator. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland and was thought to be fathered by one of his masters. In Maryland he had a rather easy life for a slave, he was an inside slave who cleaned and helped watched one of the masters children. This benefited him greatly both then and in the future because Thomas, the boy he attended too, helped Frederick read and write. From Tuckahoe, Frederick was moved to Baltimore then to Colonel Lloyd’s Plantation. Then from there he moved to St. Michael. Then to Mr. Covey a slave breaker. This was a major turning point in Frederick Douglasses life because for the fi rst time in his life he stood up to a white master in control of him and won the situation. This greatly increased Frederick’s confidence in himself and he want and desire to runaway and become a freed slave. As I read in the story he acomplished this task and he makes a life for himself that every other slave could only dream of. Frederick Douglass was a rare case of slave, in the way that he was not poisoned by the ways masters had control of slaves. In this way there is two types of ways masters dominated slaves. Physically and Mentally, both maybe equally as powerful and influential on the idea of dominance a master used over a slave. So in this essay I will discuss both the idea of Mental and Physical dominance over a slave examples of each and what the purpose of this was to do. To me I feel that one of the most basic parts of dominance over a slave is a masters Physical dominance over them. Obviously beatings and whippings are some of the most general types of physical dominance a master would do to his slave. Whippings in a sense showed a type of superiorism over the slave, especially when they did something that was â€Å"wrong† or sometimes just to show superiority. Although this is the most obvious and most commonly used form of physical dominance, it was not the only one. Another thing a master might do to show dominance over their slaves in the physical form would be to give them very little clothes. This left slaves very cold and made them want to get done with their work better to get in a warmer environment. Another thing that is not emphasized so much in history or very much in this novel is ra pe. A master might rape his female slaves to either pregnant a slave to make their ownership of slaves larger and also to show a general dominance over the slave, letting them know that they could do that and there wasn’t much they could do about it because he was the master. Although these methods were cruel and at times extremely grotesque masters saw this as nessicary to enforce their status as a master over slaves. But this was not the only method used to show their superiority over the slaves. Slave owners also used many forms of mental domination to rule slaves. In my personal opinion I feel this method was much more effective over slaves than that of physical dominance. I feel this was more effective in the sense that slaves didn’t always realize that they were doing this and if a master could break a slave down emotionally and mentally then he owned the slave in a sense and physical forms of dominance were not as nessicary to enforce superiority over the slaves. One way a master might mentally dominate a slave would be to separate them from their families. This was a good idea because it broke up family bonds between slaves and secluded their identity and knowledge of their heredity, which completely destroyed any sense of pride that was in a slave. This also would insure loyalty to a master, since a family was not present in the slaves life, a slave in an ironic way might see their master as a form of family. Another thing the masters would do would be to seclud e them from knowledge. The more a master could keep his slaves ignorant the more sure he could be that the slave would be loyal and not devise an idea to become free or to revolt and cause problems with a master. This also kept out the problem of a master having to worry about a slave becoming more intelligent than that of his or her’s master. One last example of mental dominance over a slave was false consciousness. This method would fool a slave into a system that benefits the master. One example a master might do to enforce false consciousness would be to give them holidays off of work. This would make the slaves believe that a master might really actually care about the slaves and their well being, but intern helped the masters so that the slaves would then feel the urge to be more loyal to him. Both forms of dominance over the slaves regardless were extremely effective in keeping salves in check by their masters. Physical was more of a last resort type of dominance and was good for rebel type slaves and just to show every once in awhile to a slave who ran what. While mental dominance on the other hand was more of a mischievous form of dominance that held a tighter wrath over the slaves an was something that was very hard to defy and rebel against. Either way dominance was a key part in a masters plan to keep a plantation and slaves working to his benefit.

Periodic Table of Visualization Methods Essay

                  From 1899, the juvenile court has always handle three types of juvenile cases. These cases include: child neglect, abuse and other status offences. Juvenile delinquency cases   are unlawful action that is performed by the minors which would therein be crimes if they were partaken by adults. Status offences are on the other hand noncriminal offences which are deemed offences if they are committed by the minors. The common examples of these status offences include running away and truancy. Till 1960s, both noncriminal and criminal behaviors were all considered to be forms of delinquents. Hence the law did not differentiate between delinquents and status offenders. In neglect and child abuse cases, the court will always provide protection for children who are abuse or neglected. In the year 1994, delinquency cases made up to 64% of the total juvenile cases in these courts, with status offences making 15% and neglect and abuse cases making 16% of the total national juvenile court cases.                   I have discussed all these types of these cases below with the description of these court processes that are involved in the handling of these cases along with the current policy issues which are involved. It is worth noting that though these cases seem to be different from each other, there are some common themes and values which are applied in handling these cases. The most obvious of these is the judges which are handling these cases to note that these children need to be taken care of for their development in making legal decisions making much attention to the legal needs of children along with their families. Secondly, even if the court is one of the institutions that work to the betterment of the families and children, it is posed with a unique and awesome power in delinquency, child abuse cases and the status offences cases. Juvenile court has powers to separate the children from their parents, can also order these minors to live in confined place s, also they can end the biological right of relationship between a child and the parent and create for them other new parental rights.                   As these decisions are deemed to be very serious and fundamental to the well being of children, ensuring these courts possesses adequate resources is very vital as it handles every type of cases. Judges require information, workable facilities and adequate training so that it can be able to handle these cases in the most appropriate manner. Adequate representation of all the involved parties should always be in the court proceedings. All the communities need to have safe, effective program and placements which are available for children coming before the court. As it would be very clear from the subsequent discussion, these courts handle very difficult workloads and involves the most emotion laden and very controversial issues in most parts of the society. Because of this, these decisions have in many cases faced disagreements. The extent to which these cases should be equipped and expanded to equip them with the resources that are required for them to a dequately perform their roles has formed basis of many discussions and debates.                   Lastly, as these courts make decisions which are very vital in the societal development, they are most often the subject of the social media and in most cases form the basis for political platform. So judges should always have the urge to play leadership roles, both in the agencies which serve children and the broader community so as to encourage thoughtful and deliberative approaches to all these problems, instead of other approaches which are reached hastily. Delinquency                   The juvenile handling of the delinquent case is the one which is always handled by these courts in the general public perception. When unlawful deeds are committed by the minors, these cases are usually brought under these courts as delinquent cases. These cases in most cases include petty theft, misdemeanors, vandalism and also some kind of felonies like robbery and other aggravated assaults. The maximum age handled by these courts are typically determined by the state laws. In the District of Columbia and other 37 states, the maximum age for this is 17 years of age, in other 10 states it is 16 and in the rest 3 this is set to a maximum of 15 years.                  Currently these courts have become the centre stage for public concern due to the increasing number of crimes and the high rate of juvenile related crimes. Recently these courts have been criticized for their perceived leniency towards their decision on these juvenile delinquents. One of the best examples of this is the inability of these courts failure to impose sentences that go beyond 21 years of age. High visibility and serious violent crimes that are committed by minors have always captured the public interests and attention drawing juvenile offenders’ treatment to get tougher on crimes that have been popular politically for the past twenty years.             This public fear of the juvenile court jurisdiction has resulted into some changes in the jurisdiction of the juvenile courts. Since 1992, the executive and the legislative branch in 41 states has hence limited the jurisdiction of the cases that involve chronic offenders, violent and shifted these court cases from their rehabilitative tradition which have involved addressing offenders rather than the offences which has been committed toward a more punitive system which is focused on the offence itself. For instance, 14 states in the year 1990 had to amend their codes to clearly list public safety as the sole purpose of the juvenile justice system; the punishment is listed as either primary or one of the several purposes of the court system in 28 states. The most significant thing that has happened since 1992 is that all but 10 states have structured adult courts in a manner that they can be able to handle juvenile cases. In most of the instances when the minors ar e convicted in the adult courts, it really posses a possibility that the minor may be sentenced to the prisons instead of being placed in juvenile facilities that offers rehabilitative programs.                   Even though the violent juvenile cases grab most of the interest and headlines from the media and tend to have the highest influence on the justice system, most of the juvenile courts handle less serious crimes. Mostly, the highest numbers of cases that are handled by most of the juvenile courts involve cases like vandalism, motor vehicle theft in which they mostly belong to their parents and larceny cases. In 1992, police made a lot of juvenile arrests and contrary to the perception of the public; the most serious charge was a property offence charge in the 57% of the total cases. Offences against persons like assault and robberies comprised of 215 of the total cases, disorder conduct which is a form of public order offence showed to be like 17% of the cases with the 155 being taken by the drug law violation.                   In spite of the young people being not disproportionately responsible for the most violent crimes, they always commit more than their share of property criminal offences. For instance in the year 1992, the youth aged between 10 to 17 years of age comprised 13 % of the US population and they were responsible for like the same percentage of their population of all the violent crimes which were committed in this year and they were responsible for more than 23% of the property crimes which is more than their proportion portion of their population. Purpose of the research                   Currently it has been more than 100th anniversary of these juvenile court approaches. This paper will provide an insight for the explanation of the cases that are handled by these courts along with the current trends and issues that have cropped up in these juvenile courts. The main goal of this research paper is to present an apparent description of these courts today and hence address the future challenges along with the recommendations to be adopted. This paper majorly addresses the court’s status and their ability to handle these cases along with the improvements that should be adopted for these courts to be able to partake their roles in the most appropriate manner. The research methodology In my data collection, I will employ both primary and secondary data methods of data collection. Primary methods                   Census- I will carry out census where I will talk to the many stakeholders and other involved associations and institutions although this method is somehow expensive because of the cost involved. Samples- I will sample out some of the involved people and stakeholders Observation- I will visit some of the juvenile courts to get the real state on the ground. The secondary sources of data collection                  Questionnaires- I will develop many questionnaires which I will use to get the information required to carry out my research.                  Surveys- through the questionnaires, I will sample out and send some surveys to the stakeholders and these specialized institutions.                     Books, web, magazines, journals and other online sources- I will use the already available written materials to get complete insights on this topic. In my data analysis, I will include the following methods of data analysis Content analyzes                   This is the most simple and widely employed method of data analysis. It can be defined as the systematic description of behavior which asks, who? Where and how? And what questions within a formulated set of rules so as to limit the effects of bias in analysis. It could be the most preferred technique which is employed to analyze semi-structured interviews and cognitive interview testing.                      Narrative analysis- I will employ narrative analysis to analyze data where I will focus on the people’s stories and how they think about the issue in question. Although I will not treat these stories as the true facts I highly employ them to get how people think and feel about these juvenile courts. 3. Grounded Theory                   This is the most standard and classical technique that is employed in analyzing social data. It uses hierarchical and systematic data set. It develops a set of inductively derived hypothesis that is grounded on the data. Triangulation                In this method of data analysis I will combine both the quantitative and qualitative data analysis to come up with a precise data interpretation. Data presentation In my data presentation, I will employ many methods which would be very appropriate for this data. Frequency distribution table                   In this method I shall be focusing on the occurrence of a certain variable like a certain facility in the juvenile courts according to each state court system. Graphical methods Here I will try to focus on the relationship of variables in the court system. Charts These will be used to show the extent to which a certain variable has been employed in the courts. References Julian Mack, The Chancery Procedure in the Juvenile Court, in The Child, The Clinic, and the Court (19’25), p. 310. Julian Mack, The Juvenile Court, 23 Harv.L.Rev. 104, 119-120 (1909).Shears, Legal Problems Peculiar to Children’s Courts, 48 A.B.A.J. 719, 720 (1962) January 2007 publication, California’s Criminal Justice system.Vitaly Friedman (2008) â€Å"Data Visualization and Infographics† in: Graphics, Monday Inspiration, January 14th, 2008. Lengler, Ralph; Lengler, Ralph. â€Å"Periodic Table of Visualization Methods† Source document

Information Systems in Organizations - Case Study Essay

Information Systems in Organizations - Case Study - Essay Example Also, this system can act as a getaway to financial costs by exposing the organization to other sources of revenue to help them maintain flawless exchanges. Algorithm is fast assuming popularity in the trading world and it is common for any other client to ask for it. It brings with it many benefits including cutting down transaction costs and giving freedom to managers conducting any transactions to be fully responsible for the respective trading processes. These trading features allow for analysis of all quotes and trade in the stock markets. However, it also poses great risks. In case a trader fails to choose the appropriate feature then there will a lack of visibility and transparency during execution of orders (Avison, 2003). Use of programmed trade as from the case study can be linked to a resultant flush crush. The system handles a very large amount of information including trading information such as algo-trading which includes the use of an electronic platform to enter trading orders, with an algorithm in place that determines the features of the order. It also has the ability to handle huge volumes of data from messages. It is capable of handling up to a million messages per second which is highly beneficial. With this ability to handle such amount of information, the customers are able to get efficient services and this gives credit to the company and opening up a way of increasing their profits. Also the ability to handle one million messages per minute allows the system to give attention to countless users and ensures that there are no communication delays. This in the long term results to satisfied and loyal customers. The main functions of an information system include assembling, processing, retrieval and dissemination of information. In using this kind of system, there will be minimized overload since it has very high processing speed as compared to physical