Cognitivism Essay -- Psychology Essays

Cognitivism Cognitivism is considered the dominant approach in psychology today. The dramatic shift from behaviorism to cognitivism occurred in the early part of this century. After years of almost exclusively behaviorist research, psychologists and educators became discontent with the limitations of behaviorism. Although behaviorism encouraged observable and measurable research in the field of psychology, it did not incorporate mental events. This paper will present a general overview of the origin of cognitivism and a discussion of three widely accepted cognitive theories—the Atkinson-Shriffin stage model, Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing theory, and the parallel distributed processing approach. Finally, this paper will briefly summarize some ways that cognitivism has influenced instructional design theories. Origin of Cognitivism The origin of cognitivism can be traced back to the early part of this century when the Gestalt psychologists of Germany, Edward Chase Tolman of the United States, and Jean Piaget (1896-1980) of Switzerland had a tremendous influence on psychology and the shift from behaviorist theories. Behaviorists argued that mental events were impossible to observe and measure and could not therefore be studied objectively. Consequently behaviorists could not explain the ways learners attempt to make sense of what they learn. Cognitivists proposed that through empirical research and observation inferences could, indeed, be drawn about the internal, cognitive processes that produce responses. According to Matlin, Cognitive psychologists generally agree that the birth of cognitive psychology should be listed as 1956†¦During this prolific year, a large number of researchers published influ... .... (1990). The child’s conception of the world. New York: Littlefield Adams. Piaget, J., Gruber, H. (Ed.), & Voneche, J.J. (Ed.). The essential Piaget (100th Annicersay Ed.). New York: Jason Aronson. Renner and others. (1976). Schumaker, R. (1996). Anniversary: Jean Piaget—A foundational thinker. UNESCO Courier, n11, 48-49. Scott, B. D. (1997). Constructivism: Teaching for understanding of the Internet. Communications of the ACM, v 40n10, 112-117. Striebel, M. (1995). Instructional plans and situationed learning. In G.J. Anglin (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, future (2nd ed). (ppl. 145-166). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc. Vygotsky, L. & Vygotsky, S. (1980). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Vygotsky, L. (1986). Thought and language. Boston: MIT Press.

Iiillegal Logging

According to Filipino officials, rampant illegal logging and mining were likely a part of the cause for the high casualty count from Category 5 Typhoon Bopha (Pablo), especially in the Compostela Valley where government officials had warned people to stop the illegal activities. So far, 370 people have been found dead on the island of Mindanao with another 400 missing. Waters rose so high even emergency shelters were inundated. â€Å"If you abuse nature, nature will get back at us,† Benito Ramos, executive director of National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), said. This is due to decades of mining and logging. Our forests are already deluded and there are tunnels left by small-time miners. † Illegal logging and mining has stripped many hillsides bare in Mindanao, which has forest cover of only 10 percent. Deforestation means flash floods flow unimpeded, leading to cataclysmic land and mud slides that can bury whole towns. â€Å"The water was as h igh as a coconut tree,† a local farmer, Joseph Requinto, told the Associated Press. â€Å"All the bamboo trees, even the big ones, were all mowed down. † Unfortunately these tragic environmental disasters are becoming a recurring theme in the Philippines, less than a year Typhoon Sendong killed over 1,200 people on the same island. The extensive destruction wrought by this storm—which impacted over 300,000 people—was also blamed at least partly on illegal logging. Logging has banned throughout the Philippines since February of 2011 in order to avert disasters such as this, but illegal logging remains a rampant problem. Yet, while illegal logging and mining certainly worsened the death toll of Typhoon Bopha, there may another component to the storm's wrath: climate change. Warmer world may equal worse typhoons, hurricanes â€Å"Climate change is now a clear and present danger and a national security concern for our country,† Filipino Senator, Loren Legarda, said last year after the devastating Typhoon Sendong. Scientists continue to debate the connection between climate change and hurricanes and typhoons (both names for tropical cyclones). However a general consensus is emerging that while climate change may not increase the total number of hurricanes, it is likely increasing the extremely intense ones, much like Hurricane Sandy that struck the U. S. East Coast a little over a month ago. Climate change is intensifying tropical cyclones in a number of ways: rising sea levels create worsening storm surges, while a warmer atmosphere draws in more water from the oceans leading to increased precipitation, worsening the chance for flash floods such as those spawned by Bopha. In addition, unseasonably warms seas may be extending both the tropical cyclone season and its geographical reach: Typhoon Bopha hit a region of Mindano that has never been hit by such extreme cyclones. It also hit late in the season. We have never had a typhoon like Bopha, which has wreaked havoc in a part of the country that has never seen a storm like this in half a century. And heartbreaking tragedies like this is not unique to the Philippines, because the whole world, especially developing countries struggling to address poverty and achieve social and human development, confront these same realities,† Naderev Sano, climate negotiator for the Philippin es, said today in an impassioned speech at the 18th UN Climate Summit in Doha, Qatar, which has been crawling along the last two week. Sano pointed to the disaster as more evidence to move aggressively on climate change at a conference where observers say little progress is being made. â€Å"I appeal to the whole world,† Sano continued. â€Å"I appeal to leaders from all over the world, to open our eyes to the stark reality that we face. I appeal to ministers. The outcome of our work is not about what our political masters want. It is about what is demanded of us by 7 billion people. I appeal to all, please, no more delays, no more excuses. Please, let Doha be remembered as the place where we found the political will to turn things around. † Anti-poverty and environmental NGOs are largely pointing the finger at wealthy countries—especially the U. S. , Canada, and New Zealand—for failing to raise their pledges on emissions cuts and providing little information on where climate financing will come from. The host nation, Qatar, has also come under heavy criticism for bringing little to the table, even though it is the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter per capita.

Enron An American Organization - 2262 Words

Enron Corp. was an American organization based in Houston which had its interest in Natural Gas, Electricity, Communications, Pulp and Paper. It was formed after the federal deregulation of natural gas pipelines, by merging Houston Natural Gas company and InterNorth by Kenneth Lay in 1985. This company grew at a very fast pace, from a pipe line company in the 1980’s to become the world’s largest energy trader. Enron was named ‘America’s Most Innovative Company’ by Fortune for six consecutive years. Before it filed for bankruptcy on Dec 2, 2001, Enron was considered a very big player in the market, which claimed revenues of $111 billion during 2000. Definition of Key Terms SPE:- Special Purpose Entities SEC:- U.S. Securities and Exchange Commision Rise and Fall of Enron The Beginning Enron was formed in 1985 after the deregulation of natural gas pipelines. it was formed from the merger of Houston natural gas and InterNorth. During the merger, Enron suffered a lot of debt, and due to the deregulation had no longer exclusive rights to its pipe lines. In order to survive, it had to come up with something fast, which was both effective and efficient. Kenneth Lay, the CEO of Enron, hired Jeff Skillings, a young consultant who had a background in banking and asset and liability management and assigned him to develop a strategy in boosting Enron’s business. He came up with a revolutionary idea to boost Enron’s credit, cash and profit woes. Skilling proposed that EnronShow MoreRelatedFailure Of Responsible Management : Enron Corporation1645 Words   |  7 Pageswhich failure of responsible management. The Enron Corporation is an example, because Enron event is the typical case for organization failure of responsible management In the end of 2001, Enron scandal has been disclosure, Enron stock prices slumped, and its financial tricks was exposed. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began survey of company s records. Enron’s auditor ‘Arthur Andersen ‘destroys relevant documents. (Ailon, G. 2011) Enron was bankruptcy in December 2001, and became theRead MoreEnron Accounting Scandal1096 Words   |  5 PagesEnron was originally a pipeline company in Houston, Texas in 1985. Enron became a company that was able to profit by providing deliveries of gas to utility companies and businesses. As the deregulation of electric power rose, Enron diversified the business and entered into an energy broker, which traded electricity and other types of commodities. Enron employed several highly qualified PHDs in mathematics, physics, and economics. Enron continued to enter into contracts with customers and utilizedRead MoreEnron, An American Energy Company1587 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Leadership One of the best examples recently seen relating to bad leadership is what took place within Enron. Throughout the late ‘90’s, Enron, an American energy company, was considered one of the country s most innovative companies; while the company continued to build power plants and operate gas lines, it became better known for its unique trading businesses (npr.org, 2014). It can be described as the ideal company for the dotcom-driven stock market boom of the 90s; Enron threw itselfRead MoreJaclyn Givens. Kathy Osburn. Management 101. 5/8/17. The1400 Words   |  6 PagesJaclyn Givens Kathy Osburn Management 101 5/8/17 The Enron Era â€Å"Just as character matters in people, it matters in organizations,† says Justin Schultz, a corporate psychologist in Denver. The Enron scandal had a big exposure in 2001 confirming the big secret to the increase in billions. In July 1985, Enron formed the merger of Houston Natural Gas and Omaha-based Inter North. The Enron corporation was an American energy company based in Houston Texas. The corporation’s catastrophe in 2001 signifiesRead MoreBusiness Failure Paper1045 Words   |  5 Pagesthe largest energy companies in the world, Enron Corporation. I will discuss the leadership, management, and organizational structure of the company and how this failure could have been prevented. Company Overview Enron Corporation was an American energy company in downtown Houston, Texas. Enron employed more than 22,000 workers and was one of the largest companies dealing with electricity, natural gas, and communications. In the year 2000, Enron claimed revenues of over $100 billion. ByRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021525 Words   |  7 Pagesdeceptive to give false data, people even in real companies will attempt to cover their misfortunes by reporting false data. Taking after many years of monetary frauds and outrages including executives and officers at a portion of the biggest organizations in the United States, Congress established the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Cheeseman, 2013). Congress ordered the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX Act) to shield customers from the fraudulent exercises of significant partnerships. This paper willRead MoreEnron Case : An American Energy Company1604 Words   |  7 PagesENRON CASE Introduction â€Å"Organizational behaviour is a field which deal with the study of human behaviour with respect to individuals, structure and group of organization† (kinicki 2012). The study of organizational behaviour came in to importance to have an positive effect to the organization. The reflective essay focuses on the organizational behaviour concepts which lead to the downfall of Enron Company on 2001. Enron is an American energy company which is based on Texas. The company was run byRead MoreUniversity of Phoenix Organizational Culture1133 Words   |  5 Pagesshared basic assumptions that dictate the behavior of individuals within an organization. Culture determines which practices are appropriate and which are not, effectively developing standards, guidelines, and expectations for individuals within an organization. Although they work hand in hand, there is a definite distinction in the beliefs and the values that make up organizational culture. The beliefs of an organization ar e assumptions of the way things are, while values are an assumption aboutRead MoreEnron : The Smartest Guys1384 Words   |  6 PagesEnron: The Smartest Guys in the Room Organizational Movie Paper Enron Corporation’s failure in the year of 2001 has become a depiction of unethical corporate behavior for years to come. After having watched Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room; I found many organizational communications course concepts could be brought to our attention within the documentary. To further our understanding, I will offer my insight as to how class-related concepts connect with the documentary by discussing how EnronRead MoreManagement Planning Paper on Arthur Andersen1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe company supplied tax, consulting services and auditing for the large business, and itself had a position in the Big Five accounting firms. In 2002, this firm was found guilty for auditing an energy corporation, Enron and it surrendered back its rights of auditing. This led to Enron s bankruptcy and loss of 85,000 jobs. Any type of business development requires constant planning. The expression planning refers to defining the goals of the business and shaping the potential plans of action.

The Conflict Between Saudi Arabia And Iran - 1780 Words

It’s often thought, in the west, that the feud between Saudi Arabia and Iran is 14-centurys old and that we don’t understand it because we (the west) are so dis-attached from religion in governance. For example, the end of religious politics in the US is credited with the writings of the English philosopher John Locke and this view on religion became particularly influential in the United States Constitution in 1787 (ref). State figures like Barack Obama showed this in his final State of the Union Address, he called the region a place â€Å"rooted in conflicts that date back millennia† (Obama, 2016). The truth of the situation is, religious politics has been left behind in the west. It’s true that the divide in identities within Islam was formed from a religious dispute centuries ago. It’s also nothing new that Sunnis and Shia’s have been in conflict for decades maybe centuries. The rivalry between the two has had a violent affect in conte mporary Middle East stabilization and politics. Sectarianism between Saudi Arabia and Iran shouldn’t be concluded as a foreign ancient feud that conflicts modern political logic but rather a modern phenomenon and a product of contemporary politics. Furthermore, it is playing out not in obscure theological forums but in the political arena. Sectarianism has become the product of key factors that play into religion. Islamism is a modern day ideology which asks for an ideal Islamic state, formed on the foundations of Islamic law. Islamism isShow MoreRelatedTerrorism Between Saudi Arabia And Iran1270 Words   |  6 PagesOn January 2nd, 2016, Saudi Arabia executed 47 people on terrorism charges, including prominent Shiite Saudi cleric Nimr al-Nimr . Protestors in predominantly Shiite Iran promptly set fire to the Saudi embassy in Tehran, while the Iranian foreign minister denounced Saudi Arabia’s actions. Saudi Arabia then severed all diplomatic ties with Iran, and many of their Sunni monarchist allies have done the same. Over the past week and a half, the Gulf has rapidly become a battleground, with countries beingRead MoreThe Current Hostilities Between Yemen And Saudi Arabia Today1366 Words   |  6 Pageshostilities between Yemen and Saudi Arabia today? To answer some of these fundamental questions, I will use the relevant aspects of the five core ideas about the social conflict which are championed by Louis Kriesberg and Bruce Dayton’s book â€Å"Constructive Conflicts.† Kriesberg and Dayton posit that that social conflicts are universal, and can be beneficial; social conflicts are waged with varying destructiveness; social conflicts entail contested social constructions; social conflicts can be transformedRead MoreThe Challenges Of The Kuwait Diplomacy1719 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the middle east, and particularly between the Arabian Peninsula and Iran. Amongst the nations in the Arabian Peninsula, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has always been at the most power and influential country. Saudi Arabia and Iran were always polar opposites of each other. When Saudi Arabia first produced its oil, it saw its economy benefit and heighten much more than Iran could do with its oil reserves. Oil was one of the major element with Saudi Arabia and its neighboring countries that attr actedRead MoreCivil War Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesplays a larger part than just intrastate conflict, with multiple key actors within the international system. These actors include Iran, Saudi Arabia, the United States, Britain, France, Canada, Jordan, Egypt, Morocco, Senegal, and more. However, when discussing key actor’s which influence the conflict it is easier to discuss on a smaller scale and group these actors by motivation, and intent. Starting with Shiite-ruled Iran, they became involved within the conflict due to shared ideology with the ShiiteRead MoreSunni Shia Conflict Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesSaudi Arabia and Iran Saudi Arabia considers itself to be the Protector of Islam as they contain Mecca and Medina as well as oversee the Hajj. The Sunnis are the dominate form of Islam in Saudi and its main branch is called Wahhabism. It is a very strict form of Islam that is based on the literal interpretation of the Qur’an and allows for no other versions of Islam, like Shiism (StevenAU 2004). Iran has long been defined as the central power of Shiism especially following the 1979 Islamic revolutionRead MoreControl Of Yemen : The Political Struggle1443 Words   |  6 Pagesregional actions that have taken place in Yemen. The information used to make this paper was gathered from a pool of news sources and online articles. Keywords: Houthis, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) â€Æ' Control of Yemen: The Political Struggle Like most major internal conflicts the overthrowing of the Yemen government could have been avoided. Currently the country is torn there are those who are loyal to the exiled government, those loyal to the Houthis, andRead MoreChallenges Market Analysis.. †¢The United States As Exporter1382 Words   |  6 PagesCHALLENGES MARKET ANALYSIS. †¢ The United States as exporter of oil. The United States has increased its oil production from 10 million to 15 million barrels per day between 2011 and 2015 surpassing both Saudi Arabia and Russia, and has perched at the list of the most productive oil countries (See figure.1) . This increase in the production of the United States due to the developments in techniques for extracting oil that called Hydraulic fracturing or fracking. Although the extraction of oilRead MoreReligious Relations Between Iran And Arab Countries784 Words   |  4 PagesReligion in Iran Islam is divided into two branches: Sunni and Shi’a. A large majority of the Iranians, approximately 90%, practice Shi’a Islam. The division emerged when early Muslims were conflicted about who their rightful religious leader (caliph) should be. Moreover, they were torn between Muhammad’s son in law, Ali, and a leader elected by the community’s elders. Shi’a Muslims are those who chose Ali because they believed that the leadership should be maintained within Muhammad’s lineage. ThisRead MoreThe Consequences Of The Blockade Of Qatar1652 Words   |  7 Pages 2017, The Guardian reported that Egypt, Bahrain, UAE, and Saudi Arabia’s blockade of Qatar has the potential to create long-lasting rifts in the region. In June of this year, the aforementioned nations all cut off diplomatic ties with the small peninsular nation of Qatar. Saudi Arabia and UAE said that diplomatic and economic relations would be restored once Qatar has broken all of its links with the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas, and Iran. Qatar emphatically denied that it had any financial links withRead MoreThe Greatest Threat Of Saudi Arabia1317 Words   |  6 Pages THE GREATEST THREAT TO SAUDI ARABIA 1LT. ALDAWEES MESHARY MICCC 16-009 CH (MAJ) Martin, William A. 23 September 2016 â€Å"God is great, death to America, death to Israel, curse the Jews,† this is a translation of the Houthi flag. They a are religious militant political movement based in Saada, in northern Yemen called. Houthis by their founder, Hussein al-Huthi, who was killed by Yemeni forces in 2004. This paper will discuss why Iran, working with militant organizations

Annotated Bibliography On Human Biology Department

ARTICLE MAKE A TITLE Qasid Chaudhry Human Biology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3J6 Microfluidic chips allow for the manipulation, at small quantities of neuronal cells. Further, these chips allow for precise temporal and spatial control. This model is one that can be useful in the framework of neurodegeneration. Deleglise et al (2013) fabricated a 3 chamber microfluidic chip. The chambers held one of: coritical neuron soma and dendrites, cortical axons, or striatal neurons. The chip was designed to replicate an oriented neuronal connection from the coritcal to the striatal cells. Through the use of a chemically induced axotomy, by adding fluid to the central chamber (housing the cortical axon), showed that their chip could be used to simulate a lesion in the neuronal network. An emphasis was placed on the protection of synapses, and event that in axotomy studies, traumatic injury and in many neurodegenerative disorders precedes the loss of neuronal cell soma and axons. They then showed that zVAD-fmk, a caspase inhibitor and resveratrol did not show synaptic protect ion, while NAD+ and Y27632, a Rho Kinase inhibitor showed significant synaptic protection, despite the mechanism not being clear. Pointing at potential therapeutic targets for neurodegeneration. This can also be further looked at from the functionality of the chip - it is a useful tool in the evaluation of drugs in the axotomy model they presented. Key words: Microfluidic Chip;Show MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Healthy Eating1739 Words   |  7 Pagesmembranes against lipid per oxidation and destruction (K) phylloquinone Green leafy veggies, liver 70mcg Required for proper blood clotting According to the 2005 Dietary guidelines for Americans, Produced by the US Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Health and human Services, healthy eating is eating a variety of foods, such as, grains, vegetables, fruits, and foods that are low in fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and moderate in sugars, salt, and sodium. When we don’t get necessaryRead MoreCo-Sleeping1392 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Research suggests that co-sleeping benefits infants because it decreases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome, increases the amount of time breastfeeding, and helps stabilize the child’s physiology. Annotated Bibliography: Source #1 Goldberg, W. A., amp; Keller, M. A. (2007). Co-sleeping during infancy and early childhood: key findings and future directions. Infant amp; Child Development, 16(4), 457-469. doi:10.1002/icd.522 This article describes the benefits of co-sleepingRead MoreNazi Impact on Education and Youth2097 Words   |  9 Pagesdomineering, fearless, cruel youth. Youth must be all that. It must bear pain. There must be nothing weak and gentle about it. The free, splendid beast of prey must once again flash from its eyes... That is how I will eradicate thousands of years of human domestication... That is how I will create the New Order. -- Adolf Hitler, 1933.[1] Naziism had a huge impact on German youth during Hitler’s reign of power over the state. The life of a German child changed dramatically during the 1920’s and 30’sRead MoreThe Thinking Ape : Primate Communication And Human Evolution3439 Words   |  14 PagesThinking Ape: Primate Communication and Human Evolution By szeigler | Studymode.com The Thinking Ape: Primate Communication Human Evolution Human behavior is so enigmatic and multifaceted that it s difficult to connect it to past influences, but how did we become the linguistic, cultured, and hugely successful animals that we are? Our closest relatives — the mentally complex and socially skilled primates--offer insightful clues. The language competence of non-human primates is one of the most controversialRead MoreMga Uri Ng Pagsulat5939 Words   |  24 Pagesour Professional Scientific Staffing (PSS) model can work, let’s look at one of our projects located on-site at a major pharmaceutical company. The initial agreement was signed in mid July 2007; it covered 14 scientists to work in two scientific departments. Thanks to an intensive recruiting effort, the majority of this first team was recruited by mid August, and they were present on-site with the client after completing two weeks of orientation and training at Lancaster Labs. This initial orientation/trainingRead MoreElectronic Media13295 Words   |   54 Pagespractices† and encourage their widespread adoption. We see notable risks in a pure laissez-faire â€Å"let them work it out for themselves† approach. Large amounts of money, resources, and effort are being committed (by government agencies, by academic departments, by publishers, by professional societies, and by individual researchers) to the development, maintenance, and promotion of various forms of communications technologies for use in global science. However, in the absence of a valid theory of howRead MoreThe Classroom Discussion Model of Teaching (*Arends, 2001)6735 Words   |  27 Pagespresented here use group interaction to stimulate creative thought through metaphorical analogies.Cause and Effect: Through inference, students hypothesize about causes and effects, consider prior causes and subsequent effects, and generalize about human behavior in similar situations.Classroom Discussion: This model guides the planning and selection of questions to be used in classroom discussions. Both students and teachers learn to identify different levels and types of questions.Vocabulary Acquisition:Read MoreThesis About English Proficiency Among Bshrm Students10781 Words   |  44 Pages Construction of the Research Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..54 Validation of the Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..57 Administration of the Research Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..58 Statistical Treatment of Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.58 Bibliography Personal data/Resume Chapter I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Education is described as an art which utilizes several sciences to facilitate a complex organic process called learning. This suggests that in order to achieve an effectiveRead MoreOperational Management36687 Words   |  147 PagesGlobal Environment Total Quality Management Forecasting Design of Goods and Services Process Strategy and Capacity Planning Location Strategies Human Resources, Job Design and Organisational Effectiveness Supply Chain Management Inventory Management and JIT Systems Aggregate Scheduling Materials Resources Planning (MRPII) Project Management Bibliography Title of Section Page 3-6 7 - 24 25 - 36 37 - 54 55 - 72 73 - 84 85 - 102 103 - 116 117 - 138 139 - 150 151 - 166 167 - 176 177 - 192 193 - 206 207Read MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesFORETHOUGHT HBR CASE STUDY Why Didn t We Know? Ralph Hasson 45 FIRST PERSON Preparing for the Perfect Product Launch THOU SHALT †¦page 58 James P. Hackett 111 TOOL KIT The Process Audit Michael Hammer 124 BEST PRACTICE Human Due Diligence David Harding and Ted Rouse 138 144 EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES PANEL DISCUSSION There are 193 countries in the world. None of them are energy independent. So who’s holding whom over a barrel? The fact is, the vast ma jor the few

Quality Assurance and quality control in the Analytical

Questions: 1.Determination of project quality requirements, implementation of quality processes and project quality improvements? 2.Based on this scenario, how would you establish quality requirements with inputs from stakeholders? 3.What quality management tools, methods, and techniques would you employ to manage your project quality plan? 4.How would you monitor and measure quality performance during and at the end of the project? 5.How would you record lesson learned and recommend improvements? Answers: Definitions: Continuous Improvement Continuous Improvement is an ongoing effort to improve the services and products in an organization. These efforts can be incremental or breakthrough depending on the type of improvements that is being planned. The process are constantly monitored and improved so that the efficiency, effectiveness and flexibility can be increased (Lam, O'Donnell Robertson, 2015). The Deming Cycle Plan The secret to continuous improvement lies in the employees dedication. This basically happens when they try to improve their services, process and products by applying their faculties to look on to the matter and to check how the productivity and efficiency can be increased among the employees (Dudin et al., 2015). Six Sigma Six sigma is quality assessment program that aims in the improvement of the products and services. It is a data driven and follows a particular method for eliminating any sort of defects in any of the processes which include from manufacturing to transactional and also the product and services (Evans Lindsay, 2014). Lean Lean basically means using fewer resources to create more value for the customers. A lean organization focuses mainly on the customer value and process to increase it continuously. The main aim is to provide perfect value to their customers through perfect value creation that ensures zero waste (Pekuri, Pekuri Haapasalo, 2014). Total Quality Management Total Quality Management or TQM is proactive process that aims in describing the management approach to long term success through customer satisfaction. In Total Quality Management Process, all the members of an organization take an active part in improving the quality, services, products, processes and culture where they usually work (Dale, 2015). Mention 3 quality standards that can apply to organizations and define them. Quality Planning: Companies should make a detailed plan about the quality of their product and services so that they do not have to face any problem. Quality Assurance: Companies should assure the quality of the products and services so that customers buy their product every time. Quality Control: Companies should try to inspect all the products so that no defective products reach to the company. Name and briefly explain 3 quality assurance tools Check Sheet: It is a generic tool used for collecting and analyzing data and is adapted for various works. Control Chart: Used to study how process is changed over the time. Pareto Chart: Displays the most significant factors using the bar graph (Chopra, 2015). Name and describe 3 quality control tools. Flowchart: Used to determine when there are some breakdowns in work process. Check Sheet: It is used to collect data and analyze them. Control Charts: It is used to show the data over time to determine how the company is progressing (Konieczka Namiesnik, 2016). Describe 4 roles and responsibilities of quality management personnel They act like the staff advisors and help the line managers to deal with various issues. As a counselor, they guide and pay attention to the problems and tries the level best to solve them. Works like the mediator between the management and the workers (Kontokostas, 2016). Name briefly describe at least 3 methods/techniques that you would use for managing continuous improvements Would act like a mediator to help the workers and to convey their problems if any to the management. Act like a counselor who would listen to the problems and solve them as soon as possible. Act like a spokesman who would represent on the behalf of all the employees if they face any prob. Satisfactorily complete 2. First we need to identify the stakeholders from whom complete set of requirements are needed. Then it is important to identify the stakeholder needs so as to complete the work so that they are satisfied. Third is the Stakeholder requirements that s what he/she is asking to do. The last one is the collecting data from stakeholder in order to start the job. 3. Quality tools that would be used are the Check Sheet by which data will be collected and analyzed. The second is the Control Sheet which is used to check the progress over time. The last one is the Flow Chart where if any problem occurs, it will be displayed in here. 4. The first is controlling the budget to see every requirements are met also to check there is no over budget. Second is the maintenance of the quality that is to check if all the qualities have passed the TQM and after finishing how they are performing. Also, they need to check that the products and services that are being used have passed the quality test. 5. Lessons that are learned from the above are the all the companies should focus on improving the products, services and offerings so that the customers are satisfied. Recommendations can be given is that all the products should pass quality test and should go through Total Quality Management. References: Chopra, A. (2015). Software Quality Assurance Using Reusable Components. Dale, B. (2015).Total quality management. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Dudin, M.N., Frolova, E., Gryzunova, N.V. and Shuvalova, E.B., 2015. The Deming Cycle (PDCA) concept as an efficient tool for continuous quality improvement in the agribusiness. Evans, J. R., Lindsay, W. M. (2014).An introduction to Six Sigma and process improvement. Cengage Learning. Konieczka, P., Namiesnik, J. (2016).Quality assurance and quality control in the analytical chemical laboratory: a practical approach. CRC Press. Kontokostas, D., Mader, C., Dirschl, C., Eck, K., Leuthold, M., Lehmann, J., Hellmann, S. (2016, May). Semantically enhanced quality assurance in the jurion business use case. InInternational Semantic Web Conference(pp. 661-676). Springer International Publishing. Lam, M., O'Donnell, M., Robertson, D. (2015). Achieving employee commitment for continuous improvement initiatives.International Journal of Operations Production Management,35(2), 201-215. Pekuri, A., Pekuri, L., Haapasalo, H. (2014). Lean as a business model. InProc. 22nd Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction.

Changing Corporate Culture at Vodafone free essay sample

French (1982, p. 640) defines Organizational Development (in the following abbreviated OD) as â€Å"long-range effort to improve an organization’s problem-solving capabilities †¦ to cope with changes in its external environment with the help of†¦change agents†. Different from other change approaches, OD focuses not only on parts of a system but rather on relationships and the system as an interconnected whole (Cummings and Worley 2005). OD deals with planned, episodic change but is an adaptive process for planning and implementing change in the same time. Focused on a core set of humanistic, democratic and developmental values (Palmer et al 2009), OD interventions may target changes in the organizational structure, mission, strategy, leadership or culture of a firm and wish to improve organizational effectiveness (Burke and Bradford 2005). All this is the reason why Palmer et al. (2009) use the image of a coach when referring to OD and managing change. The coach, used as a metaphor, understands managing and thus implementing change as shaping capabilities inside a system. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing Corporate Culture at Vodafone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Possible actions might include the introduction of self-managed teams, quality circles and various methods for implementing and diagnosing change in connection with action research. Change processes in accordance with the image of coach are often pictured using Kurt Lewin’s change process model (Palmer et al. 2009). This model contains the following steps: (1)Unfreezing the context (2)Moving the situation (3)Refreezing the new state. In the following I will use this model to describe implications of the above introduced coach image when managing change. As a company of reference I chose Vodafone, a multinational telecommunications company, which was undergoing a larger change in organizational culture in the mid-1990’s (Eaton and Brown 2002). As explained earlier, the first phase of managing change is meant to unfreeze the status quo and establish the prerequisites for change (Palmer et al. 2009). Speaking in terms of OD, this includes the identification of the problem, subsequent engagement in a collaborative dialogue with an OD practitioner as well as gathering data for an initial diagnosis. According to the managing change image of the coach, classical OD interventions involve the top of the organization and are planned, action-oriented long-term undertakings (Palmer et al. 2009). Referring to the initial situation at Vodafone in the mid-1990s the company was facing an increased competition in the telecommunication market. The Management at Vodafone saw the necessity for a change of corporate culture as the rigid culture of ‘command and control’ management was weakening the ability to remain innovative in their challenging market (Anderson 2011). Knowing about the necessity for a change, Senior Management started an initial dialogue with HR specialists of the firm. As a result of this collaborative dialogue with OD practitioners (Palmer et al. 2009) the company started an intensive assessment and feedback activity with their employees (Eaton and Brown 2002). This was involving employees on different levels in the organization and resulted in more detailed information about the problem in the same time, which enabled the Management to detailed planning of necessary initiatives. The result clearly showed that the current culture was blocking teamwork and mutual accountability and employees wanted to be more included in decision making as well as participate in information exchange (Eaton and Brown 2002). Following Lewin’s model, the second stage is moving and involves the effort to â€Å"new behaviour through cognitive restructuring (Palmer et al. 2009:195)†. After the diagnosis actions are identified and implemented. As Palmer et al. state about the coach image of managing change, â€Å"he relies upon building in the right set of values, skills, and ‘drills’ that are deemed to be the best ones that organizational members, as players, will be able to draw on adeptly in order to achieve desired organizational outcomes (Palmer et al. 2009:31)†. It means the coach image centres on altering attitudes and behaviours to effect the intended change and accordingly supportive should be the actions that are implemented. For Vodafone this meant that a number of initiatives were implemented, including the development of shared values, the introduction of IT systems that shared and exchanged information inter-divisional learning as well as setting up a team-building program (Eaton and Brown 2002). As a major support to all initiatives Vodafone implemented a leadership coaching program. The goal was to teach top manager skills to conduct performance reviews, help employees to set goals, and general team coaching (Eaton and Brown 2002). Managers became change agents and sills training was used to reinforce and accelerate the change initiatives. Yet another advantage of using this method of supporting the transition to new methods was dissemination of information and individual objectives needed to create cultural change were actually carried out (Eaton and Brown 2002). The image of coach to managing change is also partly based on assumptions of group dynamics (Palmer et al. 2009). That means if one property of a system is changed (or trained differently in the case), it will activate connected parts of the system to change as well. According to Lewin’s model, the final step is refreezing the organizational operation again. This takes place after new behaviors have been incorporated into social and organizational relationships (Palmer et al. 2009). As mentioned earlier, managing a change according to the coach image is a long term undertakings. For the case of Vodafone the refreezing phase only was reached after a management of mutual accountability, delegation and empowerment was established (Eaton and Brown 2002). The result of the program became visible and managers began to trust more in teams and these teams started to solve problems themselves because feeling more confident. Palmer et al. (2009) conclude this process by referring to the importance of collecting and appraising post-action data. Even though, the change is implemented as intended, review seminars provide further data on possible follow up actions. Referring to Vodafone review seminars were held a couple of month after the leadership coaching program was finished. As Eaton and Brown (2002, p.287) determine â€Å"cultural change takes time† and â€Å"traditional attitudes to management do not die away overnight†. However, as mentioned previously, the coach image regards changes as affecting an interrelated system rather than only a single, closed entity. It holds high values as growth, self-realization and involvement as well as integrity. Maybe an organizational culture does not change all of a sudden but giving a right foundation to an evolutionary change could make this change more sustainable.